_____________________
The House of Peter
Capernaum
St. Peter's House
http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/capernaum.html
Peter's House
http://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/places/related-articles/peters-house.aspx
House of Peter
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-sites/the-house-of-peter-the-home-of-jesus-in-capernaum/
The Discovery of Peter's House
http://www.capernaum.custodia.org/default.asp?id=5380
St. Peter's House
http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/capernaum.html
Insula Sacra on the Peter’s House
http://www.capernaum.custodia.org/default.asp?id=5384
Peter’s House
http://www.capernaum.custodia.org/default.asp?id=5385
Synagogue
http://www.capernaum.custodia.org/default.asp?id=5390
Virtual Tour
http://www.capernaum.custodia.org/default.asp?id=5577
St. Peter’s Memorial
http://www.capernaum.custodia.org/default.asp?id=5389
Capernaum
St. Peter's House
http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/capernaum.html
Peter's House
http://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/places/related-articles/peters-house.aspx
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-sites/the-house-of-peter-the-home-of-jesus-in-capernaum/
The Discovery of Peter's House
http://www.capernaum.custodia.org/default.asp?id=5380
St. Peter's House
http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/capernaum.html
Insula Sacra on the Peter’s House
http://www.capernaum.custodia.org/default.asp?id=5384
Peter’s House
http://www.capernaum.custodia.org/default.asp?id=5385
Synagogue
http://www.capernaum.custodia.org/default.asp?id=5390
Virtual Tour
http://www.capernaum.custodia.org/default.asp?id=5577
St. Peter’s Memorial
http://www.capernaum.custodia.org/default.asp?id=5389
_____________________
The
World's Oldest Christian Church
Dating
to 33-70 AD
Rihab,
Jordan
Beneath
the Ancient Church of St Georgeous
BBC
British Broadcasting Corporation
Archaeologists
in Rihab, Jordan, say they have discovered a cave that could be the
world's oldest Christian church.
Dating
to the period AD 33-70, the underground chapel would have served as
both a place of worship.
Rihab
is in Northern Jordan. The cave is beneath the ancient church of St
Georgeous, itself one of the oldest known places of worship in the
world.
According
to Dr Abdul Qader Al-Hassan, the director of the Rihab Centre for
Archaeological studies, the cave site shows clear evidence of early
Christian rituals that predate the church.
There
is a circular area of worship with stone seats separated from living
quarters. This circular element, called an apse, is important says
Dr Al-Hassan
used
for Christian worship
An
inscription in the floor of the church above refers to the "70
beloved by God and the divine"
Dr
Al-Hassan says:
We
found a very old inscription beside it and coins also, and crosses
made from iron.
The
Telegraph UK
World's
'oldest Christian church' discovered in Jordan
Archaeologists
claim to have found the world's oldest church dating from shortly
after Christ's crucifixion
A
very early underground church was found beneath the ancient Saint
Georgeous Church, which itself dates back to 230 AD, in Rihab,
northern Jordan near the Syrian border.
"We
have uncovered what we believe to be the first church in the world,
dating from 33 AD to 70 AD," Abdul Qader al-Husan, head of
Jordan's Rihab Centre for Archaeological Studies, said.
"We
have evidence to believe this church sheltered the early Christians –
the 70 disciples of Jesus Christ."
A
mosaic found in the church describes these Christians as "the 70
beloved by God and Divine".
Inside
the cave there are several stone seats which are believed to have
been for the clergy and a circular shaped area, thought to be the
apse.
GettyImages.com
The
oldest chapel (church) in the world
as
tests confirm that
it
dates back to between 33 AD to 70 AD
in
Rihab, Jordan.
The
chapel is carved beneath the ancient Saint Georgeous Church, which
itself dates back to 230 AD, and is believed to be the earliest known
place of Christian worship by around two hundred years.
_____________________
UNESCO
United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/
Birthplace of Jesus
Church of the Nativity and the Pilgrimage Route, Bethlehem
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1433
Oldest Churches in the World List #2
_____________________
Dura-Europos House Church ( circa 241 AD )
Megiddo Church ( circa 290 AD )
Etchmiadzin Cathedral ( circa 301 AD )
St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City ( circa 319 AD )
Church of the Nativity ( circa 327 AD )
Cathedral of Trier ( circa 340 AD )
Santa Maria in Trastevere ( circa 340 AD )
Monastery of Saint Anthony ( circa 356 AD )
Basilica of San Simpliciano ( circa 374 AD )
Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains ( circa 380 AD )
Basilica of San Nazaro in Brolo (circa 382 AD)
_____________________
UNESCO preserves Geghard Monastery in Armenia
the Oldest Christian Church in the World.
Armenia was the first country to adopt Christianity
as its official religion in AD 301
in establishing this church.
http://originalworldtravel.com/unesco-geghard-monastery-armenia/
The Telegraph UK
Georgia and Armenia
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/georgia/10623968/Georgia-and-Armenia-a-spiritual-journey.html
_____________________
Early Church at Aqaba
http://archive.archaeology.org/9811/newsbriefs/aqaba.html
Archeologists working in Aqaba have unearthed what they believe to be the world’s oldest church. Dating from the late third century AD.
http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/tourism6e.html
New York Times
http://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/09/world/jordan-site-may-hold-oldest-church.html
Some of the world's earliest known churches have been recently discovered in Jordan. These include a 4th century church at Umm Qais, a possible 2nd or 3rd century AD "prayer hall" at Bethany beyond the Jordan, and the remains of a mud brick building at Aqaba that may be the world's oldest known purpose built church. This Aqaba early church dates from the late 3rd or early 4th century AD (exactly between 293 and 303).
http://www.atlastours.net/jordan/early_churches.html
The oldest known purpose-built Christian church in the world is in Aqaba, Jordan. Built between 293 and 303, the building pre-dates the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, Israel, and the Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem, West Bank, both of which were constructed in the late 320s.
http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-purpose-built-church
_____________________
Megiddo Israel
Holy Land’s Oldest Church
The discovery of the church in the northern
Inscribed “To God Jesus Christ”
Early Christian Prayer Hall Found in Megiddo
http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=33&Issue=2&ArticleID=8
Holy Land’s Oldest Church
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-places/prison-makes-way-for-the-holy-lands-oldest-church/
The Ancient Church at Megiddo
The Discovery and an Assessment of its Significance
http://earlychristianwritings.com/info/Megiddo-TheExpositoryTimes-2008.pdf
Megiddo Church
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megiddo_church_(Israel)
Ancient Church of Megiddo
http://www.armageddonchurch.com
Youtube Megiddo Church
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2lcDvAMzQ8
Holy Land's 'oldest church'
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/nov/07/israel.artsnews
Megiddo
http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/column/megiddo-a-new-archaeological-find-and-true-christian-identity-2928/
National Geographic #1
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1107_051107_oldest_church.html
National Geographic #2
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/photogalleries/oldest_church/photo2.html
NBC
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/9950210/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/archaeologists-unveil-ancient-church-israel#.VlcSftrVnx4
NBC
Ancient Church in Israel -
may be the Holy Land’s oldest church.
The discovery of the church in the northern Israeli town of Megiddo. Archaeologists said the church dated from the third century. It’s the oldest archaeological remains of a church in Israel, maybe even in the entire region. Whether
Two mosaics inside the church — one covered with fish, an ancient Christian symbol that predated the widespread use of the cross symbol — tell the story of a Roman officer and a woman named Aketous who donated money to build the church in the memory “of the god, Jesus Christ.”
Pottery remnants from the third century, the style of Greek writing used in the inscriptions, ancient geometric patterns in the mosaics and the depiction of fish
The inscription, which specifies that Aketous donated a table to the church, indicates the house of worship predated the Byzantine era, when Christians began using altars in place of tables in their rituals, Tepper said. Remnants of a table were uncovered between the two mosaics.
Stephen Pfann, a biblical scholar and professor at the Holy Land University, said the second and third centuries were transitional periods where people sought to define their religious beliefs and modes of worship. Iconography and inscriptions found in Nazareth and Caperneum — places where Jesus lived — show that people went there to worship, although most did so secretly.
“This was a time of persecution and in this way it is quite surprising that there would be such a blatant expression of Christ in a mosaic, but it may be the very reason why the church was destroyed,” Pfann said.
New York Times
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/07/world/middleeast/israeli-prisoners-dig-their-way-to-early-christianity.html
Christian religious site that Israel's Antiquities Authority said may date to the third century A.D. and could be the earliest Christian church unearthed in the Holy Land, and possibly one of the earliest in the world.
Two well-preserved tile mosaics, which include detailed inscriptions in Greek and which the authority said served as the floor of the church.
"It is for sure the earliest church in Israel that we know of," said Yotam Tepper, the archaeologist in charge of the dig, which began seven months ago.
Pottery shards from cooking pots and wine jugs resting on the mosaic have been dated to the late third century A.D., suggesting the mosaic -- and presumably the church -- was already in place at that time, he said. The style of the Greek lettering in the three inscriptions point to the same period, he said, and the structure does not follow the traditional building pattern for churches that emerged in the fourth century.
The floor is about 30 feet by 15 feet and has two mosaics, consisting of small black and white tiles in geometric patterns. Two fish, a symbol widely used in early Christianity, adorn one.
In the center of the floor is a base that may have supported a structure used in worship services, Mr. Tepper said. Nearby, one inscription reads, "The God-loving Aketous has offered this table to the God Jesus Christ, as a memorial," according to a preliminary translation by the Antiquities Authority.
Another inscription says a Roman military officer, Gaianus, "having sought honor, from his own money, has made the mosaic."
United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/
Birthplace of Jesus
Church of the Nativity and the Pilgrimage Route, Bethlehem
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1433
_____________________
Oldest Churches in the World List #1Oldest Churches in the World List #2
_____________________
Dura-Europos House Church ( circa 241 AD )
Megiddo Church ( circa 290 AD )
Etchmiadzin Cathedral ( circa 301 AD )
St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City ( circa 319 AD )
Church of the Nativity ( circa 327 AD )
Cathedral of Trier ( circa 340 AD )
Santa Maria in Trastevere ( circa 340 AD )
Monastery of Saint Anthony ( circa 356 AD )
Basilica of San Simpliciano ( circa 374 AD )
Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains ( circa 380 AD )
Basilica of San Nazaro in Brolo (circa 382 AD)
_____________________
UNESCO preserves Geghard Monastery in Armenia
the Oldest Christian Church in the World.
Armenia was the first country to adopt Christianity
as its official religion in AD 301
in establishing this church.
http://originalworldtravel.com/unesco-geghard-monastery-armenia/
The Telegraph UK
Georgia and Armenia
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/georgia/10623968/Georgia-and-Armenia-a-spiritual-journey.html
_____________________
Early Church at Aqaba
http://archive.archaeology.org/9811/newsbriefs/aqaba.html
Archeologists working in Aqaba have unearthed what they believe to be the world’s oldest church. Dating from the late third century AD.
http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/tourism6e.html
New York Times
http://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/09/world/jordan-site-may-hold-oldest-church.html
Some of the world's earliest known churches have been recently discovered in Jordan. These include a 4th century church at Umm Qais, a possible 2nd or 3rd century AD "prayer hall" at Bethany beyond the Jordan, and the remains of a mud brick building at Aqaba that may be the world's oldest known purpose built church. This Aqaba early church dates from the late 3rd or early 4th century AD (exactly between 293 and 303).
http://www.atlastours.net/jordan/early_churches.html
The oldest known purpose-built Christian church in the world is in Aqaba, Jordan. Built between 293 and 303, the building pre-dates the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, Israel, and the Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem, West Bank, both of which were constructed in the late 320s.
http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-purpose-built-church
_____________________
Megiddo Israel
Holy Land’s Oldest Church
The discovery of the church in the northern
Inscribed “To God Jesus Christ”
Early Christian Prayer Hall Found in Megiddo
http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=33&Issue=2&ArticleID=8
Holy Land’s Oldest Church
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-places/prison-makes-way-for-the-holy-lands-oldest-church/
The Ancient Church at Megiddo
The Discovery and an Assessment of its Significance
http://earlychristianwritings.com/info/Megiddo-TheExpositoryTimes-2008.pdf
Megiddo Church
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megiddo_church_(Israel)
Ancient Church of Megiddo
http://www.armageddonchurch.com
Youtube Megiddo Church
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2lcDvAMzQ8
Holy Land's 'oldest church'
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/nov/07/israel.artsnews
Megiddo
http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/column/megiddo-a-new-archaeological-find-and-true-christian-identity-2928/
National Geographic #1
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1107_051107_oldest_church.html
National Geographic #2
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/photogalleries/oldest_church/photo2.html
NBC
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/9950210/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/archaeologists-unveil-ancient-church-israel#.VlcSftrVnx4
NBC
Ancient Church in Israel -
may be the Holy Land’s oldest church.
The discovery of the church in the northern Israeli town of Megiddo. Archaeologists said the church dated from the third century. It’s the oldest archaeological remains of a church in Israel, maybe even in the entire region. Whether
Two mosaics inside the church — one covered with fish, an ancient Christian symbol that predated the widespread use of the cross symbol — tell the story of a Roman officer and a woman named Aketous who donated money to build the church in the memory “of the god, Jesus Christ.”
Pottery remnants from the third century, the style of Greek writing used in the inscriptions, ancient geometric patterns in the mosaics and the depiction of fish
The inscription, which specifies that Aketous donated a table to the church, indicates the house of worship predated the Byzantine era, when Christians began using altars in place of tables in their rituals, Tepper said. Remnants of a table were uncovered between the two mosaics.
Stephen Pfann, a biblical scholar and professor at the Holy Land University, said the second and third centuries were transitional periods where people sought to define their religious beliefs and modes of worship. Iconography and inscriptions found in Nazareth and Caperneum — places where Jesus lived — show that people went there to worship, although most did so secretly.
“This was a time of persecution and in this way it is quite surprising that there would be such a blatant expression of Christ in a mosaic, but it may be the very reason why the church was destroyed,” Pfann said.
New York Times
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/07/world/middleeast/israeli-prisoners-dig-their-way-to-early-christianity.html
Christian religious site that Israel's Antiquities Authority said may date to the third century A.D. and could be the earliest Christian church unearthed in the Holy Land, and possibly one of the earliest in the world.
Two well-preserved tile mosaics, which include detailed inscriptions in Greek and which the authority said served as the floor of the church.
"It is for sure the earliest church in Israel that we know of," said Yotam Tepper, the archaeologist in charge of the dig, which began seven months ago.
Pottery shards from cooking pots and wine jugs resting on the mosaic have been dated to the late third century A.D., suggesting the mosaic -- and presumably the church -- was already in place at that time, he said. The style of the Greek lettering in the three inscriptions point to the same period, he said, and the structure does not follow the traditional building pattern for churches that emerged in the fourth century.
The floor is about 30 feet by 15 feet and has two mosaics, consisting of small black and white tiles in geometric patterns. Two fish, a symbol widely used in early Christianity, adorn one.
In the center of the floor is a base that may have supported a structure used in worship services, Mr. Tepper said. Nearby, one inscription reads, "The God-loving Aketous has offered this table to the God Jesus Christ, as a memorial," according to a preliminary translation by the Antiquities Authority.
Another inscription says a Roman military officer, Gaianus, "having sought honor, from his own money, has made the mosaic."
_____________________
Dura-Europos
Abandoned in 256 AD
Yale University initiated excavations in 1928
One of the First Christian house Churches
http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/artmuseum/exhibitions/archive/dura/
Christ Walking on Water 232 AD
http://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/34499
Christ Healing the Paralytic 232 AD
http://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/34498
Good Shepherd
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/artid111-earlychristianart-120107033953-phpapp02/95/artid111-early-christian-art-19-728.jpg?cb=1326288642
McMullen Museum of Art, Boston College, “Dura-Europos: Crossroads of Antiquity,”
http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/artmuseum/exhibitions/archive/dura/
Dura-Europos: Crossroads of Antiquity
http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/artmuseum/press/dura-europos.html
Leriche, Pierre, “Iranian Art and Archaeology: Dura Europos: Its Archaeology and History,” The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies,
http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Archaeology/dura_europos.htm
Silver, Carly, “Dura-Europos: Crossroad of Cultures” Archaeology (August 11, 2010),
http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/dura_europos/
Simon, James, “Dura-Europos: ‘Pompeii of the Syrian Desert,’” University of Leicester
http://www.le.ac.uk/ar/stj/dura.htm
Boston Globe
http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2011/03/25/bc_exhibits_objects_range_from_instruments_of_war_to_relics_of_multiple_religions/
Dura Europos ( Fort Europos ) Syria
http://www.sacred-destinations.com/syria/dura-europos
Art
http://historyofchristianart.com/files/Origins_Program_Dura_Europos_A.pdf
Dr. Michael Peppard PhD, Fordham University
http://www.amazon.com/The-Worlds-Oldest-Church-Dura-Europos/dp/0300213999
University of Pittsburgh
http://www.pitt.edu/~tokerism/0040/chrbyz.html
Home Worship of the Early Christians
http://silouanthompson.net/2008/07/dura-europos/
Wall Painting of a Procession of Women (The Wise Virgins) Paint on Plaster, H. 95.0 cm, W. 140.0 cm From the Christian Community House, Dura-Europos, circa 232 AD Yale University Art Gallery
http://popular-archaeology.com/issue/june-2011/article/treasures-of-ancient-dura-europos-released-for-all-to-see
Christian Paintings
https://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/farberas/arth/Images/ARTH212images/Early_Christian/Painting/Catacombs/Dura_Europos_Bapt.jpg
Christ Walking on Water
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dura_Baptistry_Christ_walking_on_water.jpg
Women Baptistry
http://s3.amazonaws.com/presspublisher-do/upload/2697/duraeuropos2.jpg
Torchbearers
Excavated from the city’s third-century Christian house, which is, by some hundreds of years, the earliest preserved Christian church, this painting is one of a dozen or so narrative friezes adorning the Baptistery. The 55 x 37–inch segment of fresco shows a line of women carrying torches and vessels. Their meaning is debated. Scholars long believed the women were on their way to anoint the crucified body of Christ, suggesting a theme of rebirth; current thinking is that they are brides, illustrating Eastern Christianity’s correlation of baptism with marriage.
http://at.bc.edu/slideshows/secretsrevealed/images/secretsrevealed3.jpg
Boston College
http://at.bc.edu/secretsrevealed/
Healing the Paralytic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dura-europos-paralytic.jpg
Good Shepherd
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dura_Europos_Baptistry_Good_Shepherd.jpg
Fresco of the Good Shepherd in the Baptistry of the House Church of Dura Europos, Syria, middle of the 3rd century
http://fullhomelydivinity.org/adirondack/Images/goodshepherd%20Dura.jpg
Good Shepherd
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/artid111-earlychristianart-120107033953-phpapp02/95/artid111-early-christian-art-19-728.jpg?cb=1326288642
Samaritan Woman by Well
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dura_Baptistry_Samaritan.jpg
Dura Europos Church
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DuraEuropos-Church.jpg
Church Diagram
http://www.deeperstudy.com/link/dura_church.html
Bapistry
http://www.deeperstudy.com/link/dura_baptistery.html
Aerial
http://www.deeperstudy.com/link/dura_europus.html
Dura-Europos church
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura-Europos_church
Early Christian Art
http://historyofchristianart.com/files/Origins_Program_Dura_Europos_A.pdf
Dura-Europos church
http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=3499
Dura Europos Christian House Church
http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/ARTH401-1.1.3-Dura-Europos-FINAL.pdf
Treasures of Ancient Dura-Europos
http://popular-archaeology.com/issue/june-2011/article/treasures-of-ancient-dura-europos-released-for-all-to-see
Dura-Europos Church
http://www.churchpop.com/2015/06/22/behold-the-oldest-church-in-the-world/
UNESCO
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/
Oldest Churches
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_church_buildings
Early Christian Art
https://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/farberas/arth/arth212/early_christian_art.html
Dura Europos Map
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/artid111-earlychristianart-120107033953-phpapp02/95/artid111-early-christian-art-10-728.jpg?cb=1326288642
Early Christian Art
http://www.slideshare.net/lizavm/artid111-early-christian-art
Christian Community House
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/artid111-earlychristianart-120107033953-phpapp02/95/artid111-early-christian-art-16-728.jpg?cb=1326288642
Bapistery
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/artid111-earlychristianart-120107033953-phpapp02/95/artid111-early-christian-art-17-728.jpg?cb=1326288642
Christ Walks on Water
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/artid111-earlychristianart-120107033953-phpapp02/95/artid111-early-christian-art-18-728.jpg?cb=1326288642
Good Shepherd
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/artid111-earlychristianart-120107033953-phpapp02/95/artid111-early-christian-art-19-728.jpg?cb=1326288642
Christ Healing the Paralytic
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/artid111-earlychristianart-120107033953-phpapp02/95/artid111-early-christian-art-20-728.jpg?cb=1326288642
Yale Exhibits
http://artgallery.yale.edu/exhibitions/objects/665715
Yale
http://artgallery.yale.edu/online-feature/dura-europos-excavating-antiquity
Yale
http://media.artgallery.yale.edu/duraeuropos/
Dura-Europos:
Excavating Antiquity
The archaeological site of Dura-Europos, in modern Syria, is a fascinating crossroads of ancient cultures. It is perhaps best known for the important finds unearthed during the excavations in the 1920s and 1930s sponsored by Yale University and the French Academy of Inscriptions and Letters. These discoveries included a shrine to the god Mithras, a synagogue whose assembly room walls were covered with painted biblical scenes, and one of the earliest Christian house churches. The paintings and sculpture from these buildings — and the over 12,000 artifacts of daily life excavated by the archaeologists now preserved at the Yale University Art Gallery — present a vivid picture of life in a Roman city in the third century A.D.
Yale Historical Background
http://media.artgallery.yale.edu/duraeuropos/dura.html
Dura-Europos, located near the village of Salihiyah in modern Syria, was founded by the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire around 300 B.C. Geographically protected, it is bordered on the east by the Euphrates river plain and on the north and south by deep ravines, leaving only the west side of the city open to attack. This vulnerability was remedied in the second half of the second century B.C. by the construction of a large wall that became one of the city’s salient features.
The crossroads between a major East–West trade route and the trade route that ran along the Euphrates, Dura-Europos was home to a confluence of Eastern and Western civilizations and an extremely multicultural population. Originally called “Europos,” the city later came to be known by local inhabitants as “Dura,” or “the fortress,” because of the strategic military role that it would play in the defense of the Parthian and Roman empires. The hyphenated name is a modern construct, one that conveys the complexity of the city’s historical background and cultural diversity.
During the second century B.C., Dura-Europos was captured by the Parthians, whose huge empire was located just to the east. The Parthians made the city into a fortress to protect their empire’s western border. The Parthian era at Dura-Europos lasted for almost three centuries, but unfortunately very few archaeological artifacts from the period have survived. In the middle of the second century A.D., the city was captured by the Romans and became an important garrison on their empire’s eastern frontier. Much more is preserved from this final phase of the city’s history. Remains of parchment, papyri, and carved inscriptions attest to the numerous languages spoken and understood in ancient Dura-Europos, including Greek, Latin, Palmyrenean, Hebrew, Hatrian, Safaitic, and Pahlavi. The religions that coexisted in the city speak to an equally complex culture, with temples to Greek, Roman, and Palmyrene gods, as well as dedicated places of worship for Christians and Jews.
In the mid-third century A.D., Sasanians besieged the city. In response, the Roman soldiers garrisoned at Dura-Europos attempted to strengthen the western fortification wall with a huge earthen embankment.
The Sasanians then created a complex series of siege mines under the western wall near Tower 19 to destabilize the wall. Recent reanalysis of excavation records suggests that the invaders utilized chemical warfare in their attack, burning naphtha and sulfur to overcome the Roman soldiers. The city was ultimately conquered, around A.D. 256, and subsequently abandoned.
The fact that the site was never reoccupied contributed significantly to the extraordinary level of preservation of the artifacts and architectural remains. The architecture along the western wall that was buried by the embankment was particularly well preserved and even paintings that decorated the interiors were intact. The buried buildings included a synagogue painted with biblical scenes (something thought impossible given the prohibition against figural images in Jewish law); one of the first Christian house-churches, with the earliest-known baptistery; and a place of worship for the mystery religion of Mithraism. Such discoveries fundamentally altered our understanding of religious practice in antiquity.
50 People in the Bible Confirmed Archaeologically
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/people-in-the-bible/50-people-in-the-bible-confirmed-archaeologically/
Bible and Archaeology
http://bibleandarchaeology.blogspot.com
Bible Odyssey - Places
http://www.bibleodyssey.org/places.aspx
Israel Museum
http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2010/august/israel-museum-brings-biblical-artifacts-to-life/?mobile=false
Israel Museum
http://www.waynestiles.com/7-must-sees-at-the-israel-museum-and-why-they-matter/
Israel Museum
https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/collection/the-israel-museum-jerusalem?museumview&projectId=art-project
_____________________
Dr. Lawrence Mykytiuk PhD
Purdue University
Jesus - Evidence Beyond the Bible
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/jesus-historical-jesus/did-jesus-exist/
Dr. Gary Habermas PhD
Ancient Non-Christian Sources
http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038&context=lts_fac_pubs
Herod’s Jerusalem Palace
Site of the Trial of Jesus
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-places/herods-jerusalem-palace-trial-of-jesus/
The Cave of John the Baptist
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/reviews/the-cave-of-john-the-baptist/
Pontius Pilate
Israel Museum
http://www.imj.org.il/eng/exhibitions/2000/christianity/jesusdays/crucifixion/
Israel Museum Pontius Pilate
http://www.english.imjnet.org.il/popup?c0=13142
Inscription
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/historical-notes-pontius-pilate-a-name-set-in-stone-1084786.html
Coins
http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=932
The Bethesda Pool
Site of One of Jesus’ Miracles
Where Jesus heals the paralytic
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/jerusalem/the-bethesda-pool-site-of-one-of-jesus’-miracles/
Among the most famous of Jesus’ miracles is recounted in the Gospel of John, where Jesus heals the paralytic at the Bethesda Pool (John 5:2-9)
http://www.biblestudytools.com/parallel-bible/passage/?q=john+5&t=kjv&t2=nkjv
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The Siloam Pool
Where Jesus Healed the Blind Man
A sacred Christian site identified by archaeologists
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-sites/the-siloam-pool-where-jesus-healed-the-blind-man/
The Siloam Pool has long been considered a sacred Christian site, even if the correct identification of the site itself was uncertain. According to the Gospel of John, it was at the Siloam Pool where Jesus healed the blind man (John 9:1–11)
http://www.biblestudytools.com/parallel-bible/passage/?q=john+9&t=kjv&t2=nkjv
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ERASTUS
Romans 16:23
Gaius, my host and the host of the whole church, greets you.
Erastus, the treasurer of the city, greets you, and Quartus, a brother.
http://www.biblestudytools.com/parallel-bible/passage/?q=romans+16:23&t=kjv&t2=nkjv
http://holylandphotos.org/browse.asp?s=1,4,11,28,74,95&img=GSPLCO01
http://bibleandarchaeology.blogspot.com/2011/02/erastus-inscription-in-corinth-greece.html
http://corinthianmatters.com/photo-gallery/erastus-inscription/
http://www.mycrandall.ca/courses/ntintro/images/Erastus.htm
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PBS
In the Footsteps of Paul
http://www.pbs.org/empires/peterandpaul/footsteps/footsteps_7_2.html
The Great Theater of Ephesus
http://www.sacred-destinations.com/turkey/ephesus-theater
Temple of Artemis
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/greece/paganism/artemis.html
ACTS 19
http://www.biblestudytools.com/parallel-bible/passage/?q=acts+19&t=kjv&t2=nkjv
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Ancient Evidence for Jesus from Non-Christian Sources
Michael Gleghorn Master of Theology
http://www.bethinking.org/jesus/ancient-evidence-for-jesus-from-non-christian-sources
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Caiaphas High Priest
New York Times
http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/14/world/tomb-may-hold-the-bones-of-priest-who-judged-jesus.html
Israeli archeologists have discovered the family tomb of Caiaphas, the Jewish High Priest who presided at the trial of Jesus and delivered Him to the Romans to be crucified.
Israel Museum
http://www.imj.org.il/eng/exhibitions/2000/christianity/jesusdays/crucifixion/
Caiaphas
http://www.reclaimingthemind.org/blog/2010/07/top-ten-biblical-discoveries-in-archaeology-–-8-caiaphas-ossuary/
NBC News
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/44347890/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/ancient-bone-box-might-point-biblical-home-caiaphas/#.VlsgWdrVnx4
Trial of Jesus
http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/jesus/jesus.html
House of Caiaphas Ossuary
http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/145297#.Vlsi-NrVnx4
Caiaphas
https://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=Caiaphas+&qs_version=KJV
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Ancient Non-Christian Sources
http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038&context=lts_fac_pubs
Historical Evidence
http://evidencetobelieve.net/history-of-jesus/
Extra Biblical Evidence
http://thestoryoflibertyblog.com/2014/10/13/the-extra-biblical-evidence-for-the-historicity-of-jesus-christ-video/
External Evidence
http://www.trustworthyword.com/evidence-for-jesus/
Ancient Evidence for Jesus from Non-Christian Sources
Michael Gleghorn Master of Theology
http://www.bethinking.org/jesus/ancient-evidence-for-jesus-from-non-christian-sources
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British Library
http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/sacredtexts/syriacbib.html
Syriac Bible
Signed and dated 463-4 by its scribe, a bishop called John, this important early copy of the first five books of the Bible is in Syriac, a dialect of Eastern Aramaic (Aramaic being the language spoken by Jesus). It comes from an area now in Syria, Iraq and Turkey.
Ancient Bible Manuscripts
Biblical manuscripts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_manuscript
Manuscript evidence for New Testament reliability
https://carm.org/manuscript-evidence
Ancient Greek Manuscripts
http://www.greek-language.com/Manuscripts.html
Dating the Oldest New Testament Manuscripts
http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/scriptorium/papyrus/texts/manuscripts.html
The Earliest New Testament Manuscripts
http://www.bible.ca/ef/topical-the-earliest-new-testament-manuscripts.htm
Earliest Manuscript of New Testament
http://www.dts.edu/read/wallace-new-testament-manscript-first-century/
New Testament Manuscripts
http://www.csntm.org/Library
Table of NT Greek Manuscripts
http://bibletranslation.ws/manu.html
Early Manuscripts
http://www.provethebible.net/T2-Integ/B-0801.htm
The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts
https://www.logos.com/product/7855/the-text-of-the-earliest-new-testament-greek-manuscripts
Early Greek Bible Manuscripts Project
http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Tyndale/staff/Head/EGBMP.htm
Earliest Versions and Translations of the Bible
http://www.bibleodyssey.org/tools/bible-basics/what-are-the-earliest-versions-and-translations-of-the-bible.aspx
New Testament Manuscripts
http://www.religionfacts.com/new-testament-manuscript
Greek New Testament Manuscripts Discovered in Albania
https://bible.org/article/greek-new-testament-manuscripts-discovered-albania
Greek Bible Manuscripts
http://rosetta.reltech.org/TC/v08/Head2003.html
Latin New Testament
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_Latin_manuscripts
New Testament uncials
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials
List of New Testament papyri
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri
Categories of New Testament manuscripts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts
Byzantine text-type
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_text-type
Greek New Testament manuscripts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Greek_New_Testament_manuscripts
Papyri p1 Through p76
https://carm.org/papyri-p1-through-p76-ad-200-ad-700
Gospel Manuscripts
http://www.textexcavation.com/gospelmanuscripts.html
Mummy Mark
http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/21/living/gospel-mummy-mask/
Vetus Latina
http://www.vetus-latina.de/en/index.html
Latin Manuscripts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_Latin_manuscripts
Vetus Latina Iohannes
http://www.iohannes.com/vetuslatina/
University of Birmingham
http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/activity/itsee/projects/index.aspx
Hebrew Bible manuscripts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hebrew_Bible_manuscripts
Biblical Manuscripts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_manuscript
Septuagint Manuscripts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint_manuscripts
Aleppo Codex
http://www.aleppocodex.org
Aleppo Codex
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_Codex
Aleppo Codex
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/hebrew-bible/the-aleppo-codex/
Aleppo Codex
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/magazine/the-aleppo-codex-mystery.html?_r=0
Leningrad / Aleppo
http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=34&Issue=5&ArticleID=10
Earliest Versions and Translations of the Bible
http://www.bibleodyssey.org/tools/bible-basics/what-are-the-earliest-versions-and-translations-of-the-bible.aspx
Aleppo Codex
http://www.christianpost.com/news/hebrew-bible-aleppo-codex-oldest-surviving-copy-unesco-world-treasure-157420/
Old Testament Manuscripts
http://www.truthnet.org/Bible-Origins/10_Old-Testament-Tanakh-Manuscripts/
Early manuscripts of the Bible
http://www.provethebible.net/T2-Integ/B-0801.htm
Online Biblical Manuscripts
http://oldtestamenttextualcriticism.blogspot.com/2011/04/online-hebrew-manuscripts-and-editions.html
List of New Testament lectionaries
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_lectionaries
New Testament Lectionaries
http://www.lstc.edu/gruber/nt_manuscripts/lectionaries.php
New Testament Manuscripts
http://www.csntm.org/manuscript
Greek Gospel lectionary
http://www.cspmt.org/?q=node/19
Greek Lectionaries
http://evangelicaltextualcriticism.blogspot.com/2015/03/greek-lectionaries-introduction.html
Greek Orthodox Lectionary
http://ocabs.org/journal/index.php/jocabs/article/viewFile/65/35
Greek New Testament lectionaries
http://www.lectionary.eu/content/lists-ancient-lectionary-manuscripts
British Library
http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Add_MS_39603
Manuscripts in the Byzantine Collection
http://www.doaks.org/resources/manuscripts
Gospel lectionary
http://www.thedigitalwalters.org/Data/WaltersManuscripts/html/W535/description.html
Digitized Greek Manuscripts
http://library.princeton.edu/byzantine/subject-theme/gospel-lectionary
Digital Dead Sea Scrolls
http://dss.collections.imj.org.il
New Testament Manuscripts
http://irr.org/todays-bible-real-bible
Codex Sinaiticus
http://www.codexsinaiticus.org/en/
Leningrad Codex
https://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/educational_site/biblical_manuscripts/LeningradCodex.shtml
Latin Manuscripts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_Latin_manuscripts
Biblical Manuscripts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_manuscript
Codex Bobbiensis
http://www.bible-researcher.com/bobiensis.html
Codex Vercellensis ( 4th Century )
http://evangelicaltextualcriticism.blogspot.com/2015/03/seeing-codex-vercellensis-in-new-light.html
Codex Vercellensis ( 4th Century )
https://archive.org/details/codexvercellensi01gasq
Codex Vercellensis Fourth Century
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Vercellensis
Vercelli Codex Evangeliorum Vercellensis
http://news.olemiss.edu/um-students-help-restore-old-latin-gospels/
Vercelli Codex Evangeliorum Vercellensis -
Fourth century text of the first four books of the New Testament in Latin.
It’s believed to be the oldest surviving copy of the old Latin Gospels, which is a name given to Bible texts that were translated before Jerome’s Vulgate Bible was the standard for Latin-speaking Western Christians.
University of Chicago
New Testament. Syriac. Peshitta.
6th or 7th century
http://goodspeed.lib.uchicago.edu/ms/index.php?doc=0716
Papyrological Resources
http://www.bricecjones.com/papyrological-resources.html
Ante-Nicene
Before the Council of Nicaea ( 325 AD )
Ante-Nicene Fathers
http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1968
Early Church Fathers
http://www.ccel.org/fathers.html
Early Church Fathers
http://www.tertullian.org/fathers2/
The Ante-Nicene Fathers Ten Volume Set
http://www.amazon.com/Ante-Nicene-Fathers-10-Set/dp/1565630823
Ante-Nicene Youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJA-wIRctmE
King Hezekiah's Seal Impression Found in the Ophel Excavations, Jerusalem
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SW8HM9RQYlI
Codex Vercellensis
The Earliest Surviving Manuscript of the Old Latin Gospels
Circa 350 AD
http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1806
http://commons.ptsem.edu/id/codexvercellensi01gasq
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_Latin_manuscripts
Balaam Inscription
http://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-balaam-son-of-beor-inscription-tell-deir-alla-succoth-1400-750bc.htm
Balaam Inscription
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/archaeologyandthebible-140118195415-phpapp01/95/does-archaeology-disprove-the-bible-73-638.jpg?cb=1390075884
Jacob’s Well
Greek Orthodox Church of St. Photini the Samaritan
http://www.seetheholyland.net/jacobs-well/
http://internationalchristianblog.com/jacobs-well-church-st-photini-samaritan/
http://myocn.net/waiting-for-water/
https://www.archangelsbooks.com/proddetail.asp?prod=HTM-A146
http://orthodoxwiki.org/Photine_of_Samaria
http://www.orthodoxchristian.info/pages/photini.htm
http://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints_view?contentid=538
http://oca.org/saints/lives/2016/03/20/100846-martyr-photina-svetlana-the-samaritan-woman-and-her-sons
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s_Well
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2010/06/25/Shechem-Its-Archaeological-and-Contextual-Significance.aspx
JOHN 4
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+4&version=KJV;NKJV
GENESIS 29
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+29&version=KJV;NKJV
GENESIS 33
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+33&version=KJV;NKJV
MARK 16
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+16&version=KJV;NKJV
GENESIS 29
1 So Jacob went on his journey and came to the land of the people of the East.
2 And he looked, and saw a well in the field; and behold, there were three flocks of sheep lying by it; for out of that well they watered the flocks. A large stone was on the well's mouth.
10 And it came to pass, when Jacob saw Rachel the daughter of Laban his mother's brother, and the sheep of Laban his mother's brother, that Jacob went near and rolled the stone from the well's mouth, and watered the flock of Laban his mother's brother.
JOHN 4
5 So He came to a city of Samaria which is called Sychar, near the plot of ground that Jacob gave to his son Joseph.
6 Now Jacob's well was there. Jesus therefore, being wearied from His journey, sat thus by the well. It was about the sixth hour.
7 A woman of Samaria came to draw water. Jesus said to her, "Give Me a drink."
8 For His disciples had gone away into the city to buy food.
9 Then the woman of Samaria said to Him, "How is it that You, being a Jew, ask a drink from me, a Samaritan woman?" For Jews have no dealings with Samaritans.
10 Jesus answered and said to her, "If you knew the gift of God, and who it is who says to you, 'Give Me a drink,' you would have asked Him, and He would have given you living water."
11 The woman said to Him, "Sir, You have nothing to draw with, and the well is deep. Where then do You get that living water?
12 Are You greater than our father Jacob, who gave us the well, and drank from it himself, as well as his sons and his livestock?"
13 Jesus answered and said to her, "Whoever drinks of this water will thirst again,
14 but whoever drinks of the water that I shall give him will never thirst. But the water that I shall give him will become in him a fountain of water springing up into everlasting life."
MARK 16
1 Now when the Sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome bought spices, that they might come and anoint Him.
2 Very early in the morning, on the first day of the week, they came to the tomb when the sun had risen.
3 And they said among themselves, "Who will roll away the stone from the door of the tomb for us?"
4 But when they looked up, they saw that the stone had been rolled away--for it was very large.
5 And entering the tomb, they saw a young man clothed in a long white robe sitting on the right side; and they were alarmed.
6 But he said to them, "Do not be alarmed. You seek Jesus of Nazareth, who was crucified. He is risen! He is not here. See the place where they laid Him.
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Exodus
https://youtu.be/2assFIyLInE
Endorsement
https://youtu.be/X8VNVKX4QuU
Patterns of Evidence
http://patternsofevidence.com
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Joseph - Egypt
BBC (2003) Discovery Channel
Avery Brooks, Irene Forstner-Müller, David Rohl
Ancient Evidence Collection
https://youtu.be/lm9ATLhkujY
David Rohl: Israelites in Goshen
https://youtu.be/xhHV2scE0-k
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Dr. Bryant Wood PhD
Secrets of the Bible : The Fall of Jericho
https://youtu.be/e5Fjth9T12U
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2xv60r
Dr. Bryant Wood PhD
https://youtu.be/nJNjhnTe4B0
_____________________
Dr. James Hoffmeier PhD
Lanier Library Lecture
Exodus In Light Of Archaeological And Geological Work
https://youtu.be/GBWWO8dCeY0
Exodus from Egypt Lecture
https://youtu.be/m2vhrK6Wczs
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Exodus
Pharaohs
Tuthmosis III
Amenhotep II
Tuthmosis IV
Dr. Steven Collins PhD
https://youtu.be/uur0AqUvpxE
Tuthmosis IV
https://www.calvaryabq.org/teachings_view.asp?ServiceID=923&q=high
Dr. Collins demonstrates why he believes Tuthmosis IV was the Pharaoh at the time of Israel's deliverance from bondage in Egypt.
https://www.calvaryabq.org/teachings_view.asp?ServiceID=923&AcceptsCookies=yes
Biblical Research Bulletin
http://www.biblicalresearchbulletin.com/uploads/BRB-2005-8-Collins-Pharaoh_of_Exodus.pdf
Biblical Research Bulletin
http://www.biblicalresearchbulletin.com/uploads/BRB-2005-3-Collins-How_Low_18th_Dynasty.pdf
Bible Archaeology
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2009/02/Moses-and-Hatshepsut.aspx
_____________________
Dr. Steven Collins PhD
Sodom and Gomorah
Tall el-Hamaam, Jordan
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3270999/Has-Biblical-city-Sodom-Monstrous-site-Jordan-matches-descriptions-area-destroyed-God.html
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/did-archaeologists-discover-the-biblical-city-of-sodom_us_561d3810e4b028dd7ea544c5
http://www.tallelhammam.com
https://youtu.be/R4Ui_MbDzMQ
https://youtu.be/svG2-uZEZjk
_____________________
Dr. Bryant Wood PhD
Digging up Sodom and Gomorrah
https://youtu.be/FyEgerQDSTc
Discovery of Sodom and Gomorrah
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2008/04/16/The-Discovery-of-the-Sin-Cities-of-Sodom-and-Gomorrah.aspx
Locating Sodom
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2016/02/26/Locating-Sodom-A-Critique-of-the-Northern-Proposal.aspx
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Biblical Artifacts
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-artifacts/artifacts-and-the-bible/10-great-biblical-artifacts-at-the-bible-lands-museum-jerusalem/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artifacts_in_biblical_archaeology
http://bibleandarchaeology.blogspot.com
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Tel Dan stela
First Historical Evidence of King David
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-artifacts/artifacts-and-the-bible/the-tel-dan-inscription-the-first-historical-evidence-of-the-king-david-bible-story/
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Joshua's Altar at Mt. Ebal
Dr. Adam Zertal PhD
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/shifting-ground-in-the-holy-land-114897288/?no-ist
http://ebal.haifa.ac.il/ebal06.html
http://archlgy.haifa.ac.il/staff/zertal.htm
http://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-altar-of-joshua.htm
https://youtu.be/6l6Bgdh2vMo
http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/194382/adam-zertal-israeli-archaeologist-who-identified-joshuas-altar-at-mt-ebal-dies-at-79
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Silver Amulets
6th century BC
Numbers 6:24–26
http://www.imj.org.il/imagine/collections/item.asp?itemNum=198069
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2010/01/06/The-Blessing-of-the-Silver-Scrolls.aspx
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Amarna Letters
El-Amarna Tablets
https://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/educational_site/ancient_texts/elamarna.shtml
_____________________
Magdala synagogue Galilee
http://www.magdala.org/visit/archeological-park/synagogue/
http://www.magdala.org/visit/archeological-park/the-magdala-stone/
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Magdalen Papyrus
The Magdalen Papyrus P64:
possibly the earliest known fragments of the New Testament
http://www.magd.ox.ac.uk/libraries-and-archives/treasure-of-the-month/news/magdalen-papyrus/
New Testament Manuscripts from the First Century
http://ancientroadpublications.com/Studies/BiblicalStudies/FirstCenturyMSS.html
The Jesus Papyrus
http://www.amazon.com/The-Jesus-Papyrus-Sensational-Evidence/dp/038548898X
_____________________
Dr. Gary Habermas PhD
Evidence for the Historical Jesus
http://www.garyhabermas.com/Evidence/index.htm
PDF Evidence for the Historical Jesus
http://www.garyhabermas.com/books/EvidenceBook/GaryHabermas_Evidence-for-the-historical-Jesus-Release_1point1.pdf
_____________________
King David
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/jerusalem/did-i-find-king-davids-palace/
http://www.keytodavidscity.com
http://archaeology.huji.ac.il/depart/biblical/eilatm/eilatm.asp
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/palace-king-david.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/biblical-archeology.html
Eilat Mazar
https://youtu.be/iGJXnQxHLJE
EVIDENCE
Archaeology
Ancient Churches
Art
Relics
Bible Manuscripts
History
Ante-Nicene Early Church Fathers
Christian Martyrs & Persecution
Church Tradition
Abandoned in 256 AD
Yale University initiated excavations in 1928
One of the First Christian house Churches
http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/artmuseum/exhibitions/archive/dura/
Christ Walking on Water 232 AD
http://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/34499
Christ Healing the Paralytic 232 AD
http://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/34498
Good Shepherd
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/artid111-earlychristianart-120107033953-phpapp02/95/artid111-early-christian-art-19-728.jpg?cb=1326288642
http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/artmuseum/exhibitions/archive/dura/
Dura-Europos: Crossroads of Antiquity
http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/artmuseum/press/dura-europos.html
Leriche, Pierre, “Iranian Art and Archaeology: Dura Europos: Its Archaeology and History,” The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies,
http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Archaeology/dura_europos.htm
Silver, Carly, “Dura-Europos: Crossroad of Cultures” Archaeology (August 11, 2010),
http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/dura_europos/
Simon, James, “Dura-Europos: ‘Pompeii of the Syrian Desert,’” University of Leicester
http://www.le.ac.uk/ar/stj/dura.htm
Boston Globe
http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2011/03/25/bc_exhibits_objects_range_from_instruments_of_war_to_relics_of_multiple_religions/
Dura Europos ( Fort Europos ) Syria
http://www.sacred-destinations.com/syria/dura-europos
Art
http://historyofchristianart.com/files/Origins_Program_Dura_Europos_A.pdf
Dr. Michael Peppard PhD, Fordham University
http://www.amazon.com/The-Worlds-Oldest-Church-Dura-Europos/dp/0300213999
University of Pittsburgh
http://www.pitt.edu/~tokerism/0040/chrbyz.html
Home Worship of the Early Christians
http://silouanthompson.net/2008/07/dura-europos/
Wall Painting of a Procession of Women (The Wise Virgins) Paint on Plaster, H. 95.0 cm, W. 140.0 cm From the Christian Community House, Dura-Europos, circa 232 AD Yale University Art Gallery
http://popular-archaeology.com/issue/june-2011/article/treasures-of-ancient-dura-europos-released-for-all-to-see
Christian Paintings
https://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/farberas/arth/Images/ARTH212images/Early_Christian/Painting/Catacombs/Dura_Europos_Bapt.jpg
Christ Walking on Water
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dura_Baptistry_Christ_walking_on_water.jpg
Women Baptistry
http://s3.amazonaws.com/presspublisher-do/upload/2697/duraeuropos2.jpg
Torchbearers
Excavated from the city’s third-century Christian house, which is, by some hundreds of years, the earliest preserved Christian church, this painting is one of a dozen or so narrative friezes adorning the Baptistery. The 55 x 37–inch segment of fresco shows a line of women carrying torches and vessels. Their meaning is debated. Scholars long believed the women were on their way to anoint the crucified body of Christ, suggesting a theme of rebirth; current thinking is that they are brides, illustrating Eastern Christianity’s correlation of baptism with marriage.
http://at.bc.edu/slideshows/secretsrevealed/images/secretsrevealed3.jpg
Boston College
http://at.bc.edu/secretsrevealed/
Healing the Paralytic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dura-europos-paralytic.jpg
Good Shepherd
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dura_Europos_Baptistry_Good_Shepherd.jpg
Fresco of the Good Shepherd in the Baptistry of the House Church of Dura Europos, Syria, middle of the 3rd century
http://fullhomelydivinity.org/adirondack/Images/goodshepherd%20Dura.jpg
Good Shepherd
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/artid111-earlychristianart-120107033953-phpapp02/95/artid111-early-christian-art-19-728.jpg?cb=1326288642
Samaritan Woman by Well
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dura_Baptistry_Samaritan.jpg
Dura Europos Church
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DuraEuropos-Church.jpg
Church Diagram
http://www.deeperstudy.com/link/dura_church.html
Bapistry
http://www.deeperstudy.com/link/dura_baptistery.html
Aerial
http://www.deeperstudy.com/link/dura_europus.html
Dura-Europos church
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura-Europos_church
Early Christian Art
http://historyofchristianart.com/files/Origins_Program_Dura_Europos_A.pdf
Dura-Europos church
http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=3499
Dura Europos Christian House Church
http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/ARTH401-1.1.3-Dura-Europos-FINAL.pdf
Treasures of Ancient Dura-Europos
http://popular-archaeology.com/issue/june-2011/article/treasures-of-ancient-dura-europos-released-for-all-to-see
Dura-Europos Church
http://www.churchpop.com/2015/06/22/behold-the-oldest-church-in-the-world/
UNESCO
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/
Oldest Churches
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_church_buildings
Early Christian Art
https://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/farberas/arth/arth212/early_christian_art.html
Dura Europos Map
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/artid111-earlychristianart-120107033953-phpapp02/95/artid111-early-christian-art-10-728.jpg?cb=1326288642
Early Christian Art
http://www.slideshare.net/lizavm/artid111-early-christian-art
Christian Community House
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/artid111-earlychristianart-120107033953-phpapp02/95/artid111-early-christian-art-16-728.jpg?cb=1326288642
Bapistery
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/artid111-earlychristianart-120107033953-phpapp02/95/artid111-early-christian-art-17-728.jpg?cb=1326288642
Christ Walks on Water
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/artid111-earlychristianart-120107033953-phpapp02/95/artid111-early-christian-art-18-728.jpg?cb=1326288642
Good Shepherd
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/artid111-earlychristianart-120107033953-phpapp02/95/artid111-early-christian-art-19-728.jpg?cb=1326288642
Christ Healing the Paralytic
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/artid111-earlychristianart-120107033953-phpapp02/95/artid111-early-christian-art-20-728.jpg?cb=1326288642
http://artgallery.yale.edu/exhibitions/objects/665715
Yale
http://artgallery.yale.edu/online-feature/dura-europos-excavating-antiquity
Yale
http://media.artgallery.yale.edu/duraeuropos/
Dura-Europos:
Excavating Antiquity
The archaeological site of Dura-Europos, in modern Syria, is a fascinating crossroads of ancient cultures. It is perhaps best known for the important finds unearthed during the excavations in the 1920s and 1930s sponsored by Yale University and the French Academy of Inscriptions and Letters. These discoveries included a shrine to the god Mithras, a synagogue whose assembly room walls were covered with painted biblical scenes, and one of the earliest Christian house churches. The paintings and sculpture from these buildings — and the over 12,000 artifacts of daily life excavated by the archaeologists now preserved at the Yale University Art Gallery — present a vivid picture of life in a Roman city in the third century A.D.
Yale Historical Background
http://media.artgallery.yale.edu/duraeuropos/dura.html
Dura-Europos, located near the village of Salihiyah in modern Syria, was founded by the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire around 300 B.C. Geographically protected, it is bordered on the east by the Euphrates river plain and on the north and south by deep ravines, leaving only the west side of the city open to attack. This vulnerability was remedied in the second half of the second century B.C. by the construction of a large wall that became one of the city’s salient features.
The crossroads between a major East–West trade route and the trade route that ran along the Euphrates, Dura-Europos was home to a confluence of Eastern and Western civilizations and an extremely multicultural population. Originally called “Europos,” the city later came to be known by local inhabitants as “Dura,” or “the fortress,” because of the strategic military role that it would play in the defense of the Parthian and Roman empires. The hyphenated name is a modern construct, one that conveys the complexity of the city’s historical background and cultural diversity.
During the second century B.C., Dura-Europos was captured by the Parthians, whose huge empire was located just to the east. The Parthians made the city into a fortress to protect their empire’s western border. The Parthian era at Dura-Europos lasted for almost three centuries, but unfortunately very few archaeological artifacts from the period have survived. In the middle of the second century A.D., the city was captured by the Romans and became an important garrison on their empire’s eastern frontier. Much more is preserved from this final phase of the city’s history. Remains of parchment, papyri, and carved inscriptions attest to the numerous languages spoken and understood in ancient Dura-Europos, including Greek, Latin, Palmyrenean, Hebrew, Hatrian, Safaitic, and Pahlavi. The religions that coexisted in the city speak to an equally complex culture, with temples to Greek, Roman, and Palmyrene gods, as well as dedicated places of worship for Christians and Jews.
In the mid-third century A.D., Sasanians besieged the city. In response, the Roman soldiers garrisoned at Dura-Europos attempted to strengthen the western fortification wall with a huge earthen embankment.
The Sasanians then created a complex series of siege mines under the western wall near Tower 19 to destabilize the wall. Recent reanalysis of excavation records suggests that the invaders utilized chemical warfare in their attack, burning naphtha and sulfur to overcome the Roman soldiers. The city was ultimately conquered, around A.D. 256, and subsequently abandoned.
The fact that the site was never reoccupied contributed significantly to the extraordinary level of preservation of the artifacts and architectural remains. The architecture along the western wall that was buried by the embankment was particularly well preserved and even paintings that decorated the interiors were intact. The buried buildings included a synagogue painted with biblical scenes (something thought impossible given the prohibition against figural images in Jewish law); one of the first Christian house-churches, with the earliest-known baptistery; and a place of worship for the mystery religion of Mithraism. Such discoveries fundamentally altered our understanding of religious practice in antiquity.
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50 People in the Bible Confirmed Archaeologically
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/people-in-the-bible/50-people-in-the-bible-confirmed-archaeologically/
Bible and Archaeology
http://bibleandarchaeology.blogspot.com
Bible Odyssey - Places
http://www.bibleodyssey.org/places.aspx
Israel Museum
http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2010/august/israel-museum-brings-biblical-artifacts-to-life/?mobile=false
Israel Museum
http://www.waynestiles.com/7-must-sees-at-the-israel-museum-and-why-they-matter/
Israel Museum
https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/collection/the-israel-museum-jerusalem?museumview&projectId=art-project
_____________________
Dr. Lawrence Mykytiuk PhD
Purdue University
Jesus - Evidence Beyond the Bible
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/jesus-historical-jesus/did-jesus-exist/
_____________________
Dr. Gary Habermas PhD
Ancient Non-Christian Sources
http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038&context=lts_fac_pubs
_____________________
Herod’s Jerusalem Palace
Site of the Trial of Jesus
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-places/herods-jerusalem-palace-trial-of-jesus/
_____________________
The Cave of John the Baptist
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/reviews/the-cave-of-john-the-baptist/
_____________________
Pontius Pilate
Israel Museum
http://www.imj.org.il/eng/exhibitions/2000/christianity/jesusdays/crucifixion/
Israel Museum Pontius Pilate
http://www.english.imjnet.org.il/popup?c0=13142
Inscription
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/historical-notes-pontius-pilate-a-name-set-in-stone-1084786.html
Coins
http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=932
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The Bethesda Pool
Site of One of Jesus’ Miracles
Where Jesus heals the paralytic
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/jerusalem/the-bethesda-pool-site-of-one-of-jesus’-miracles/
Among the most famous of Jesus’ miracles is recounted in the Gospel of John, where Jesus heals the paralytic at the Bethesda Pool (John 5:2-9)
http://www.biblestudytools.com/parallel-bible/passage/?q=john+5&t=kjv&t2=nkjv
The Siloam Pool
Where Jesus Healed the Blind Man
A sacred Christian site identified by archaeologists
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-sites/the-siloam-pool-where-jesus-healed-the-blind-man/
The Siloam Pool has long been considered a sacred Christian site, even if the correct identification of the site itself was uncertain. According to the Gospel of John, it was at the Siloam Pool where Jesus healed the blind man (John 9:1–11)
http://www.biblestudytools.com/parallel-bible/passage/?q=john+9&t=kjv&t2=nkjv
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ERASTUS
Romans 16:23
Gaius, my host and the host of the whole church, greets you.
Erastus, the treasurer of the city, greets you, and Quartus, a brother.
http://www.biblestudytools.com/parallel-bible/passage/?q=romans+16:23&t=kjv&t2=nkjv
http://holylandphotos.org/browse.asp?s=1,4,11,28,74,95&img=GSPLCO01
http://bibleandarchaeology.blogspot.com/2011/02/erastus-inscription-in-corinth-greece.html
http://corinthianmatters.com/photo-gallery/erastus-inscription/
http://www.mycrandall.ca/courses/ntintro/images/Erastus.htm
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PBS
In the Footsteps of Paul
http://www.pbs.org/empires/peterandpaul/footsteps/footsteps_7_2.html
http://www.sacred-destinations.com/turkey/ephesus-theater
Temple of Artemis
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/greece/paganism/artemis.html
ACTS 19
http://www.biblestudytools.com/parallel-bible/passage/?q=acts+19&t=kjv&t2=nkjv
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Ancient Evidence for Jesus from Non-Christian Sources
Michael Gleghorn Master of Theology
http://www.bethinking.org/jesus/ancient-evidence-for-jesus-from-non-christian-sources
_____________________
Caiaphas High Priest
New York Times
http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/14/world/tomb-may-hold-the-bones-of-priest-who-judged-jesus.html
Israeli archeologists have discovered the family tomb of Caiaphas, the Jewish High Priest who presided at the trial of Jesus and delivered Him to the Romans to be crucified.
Israel Museum
http://www.imj.org.il/eng/exhibitions/2000/christianity/jesusdays/crucifixion/
Caiaphas
http://www.reclaimingthemind.org/blog/2010/07/top-ten-biblical-discoveries-in-archaeology-–-8-caiaphas-ossuary/
NBC News
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/44347890/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/ancient-bone-box-might-point-biblical-home-caiaphas/#.VlsgWdrVnx4
Trial of Jesus
http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/jesus/jesus.html
House of Caiaphas Ossuary
http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/145297#.Vlsi-NrVnx4
Caiaphas
https://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=Caiaphas+&qs_version=KJV
_____________________
Ancient Non-Christian Sources
http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038&context=lts_fac_pubs
Historical Evidence
http://evidencetobelieve.net/history-of-jesus/
Extra Biblical Evidence
http://thestoryoflibertyblog.com/2014/10/13/the-extra-biblical-evidence-for-the-historicity-of-jesus-christ-video/
External Evidence
http://www.trustworthyword.com/evidence-for-jesus/
Ancient Evidence for Jesus from Non-Christian Sources
Michael Gleghorn Master of Theology
http://www.bethinking.org/jesus/ancient-evidence-for-jesus-from-non-christian-sources
British Library
http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/sacredtexts/syriacbib.html
Syriac Bible
Signed and dated 463-4 by its scribe, a bishop called John, this important early copy of the first five books of the Bible is in Syriac, a dialect of Eastern Aramaic (Aramaic being the language spoken by Jesus). It comes from an area now in Syria, Iraq and Turkey.
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Ancient Bible Manuscripts
Biblical manuscripts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_manuscript
Manuscript evidence for New Testament reliability
https://carm.org/manuscript-evidence
Ancient Greek Manuscripts
http://www.greek-language.com/Manuscripts.html
Dating the Oldest New Testament Manuscripts
http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/scriptorium/papyrus/texts/manuscripts.html
The Earliest New Testament Manuscripts
http://www.bible.ca/ef/topical-the-earliest-new-testament-manuscripts.htm
Earliest Manuscript of New Testament
http://www.dts.edu/read/wallace-new-testament-manscript-first-century/
New Testament Manuscripts
http://www.csntm.org/Library
Table of NT Greek Manuscripts
http://bibletranslation.ws/manu.html
Early Manuscripts
http://www.provethebible.net/T2-Integ/B-0801.htm
The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts
https://www.logos.com/product/7855/the-text-of-the-earliest-new-testament-greek-manuscripts
Early Greek Bible Manuscripts Project
http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Tyndale/staff/Head/EGBMP.htm
Earliest Versions and Translations of the Bible
http://www.bibleodyssey.org/tools/bible-basics/what-are-the-earliest-versions-and-translations-of-the-bible.aspx
New Testament Manuscripts
http://www.religionfacts.com/new-testament-manuscript
Greek New Testament Manuscripts Discovered in Albania
https://bible.org/article/greek-new-testament-manuscripts-discovered-albania
Greek Bible Manuscripts
http://rosetta.reltech.org/TC/v08/Head2003.html
Latin New Testament
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_Latin_manuscripts
New Testament uncials
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials
List of New Testament papyri
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri
Categories of New Testament manuscripts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts
Byzantine text-type
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_text-type
Greek New Testament manuscripts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Greek_New_Testament_manuscripts
Papyri p1 Through p76
https://carm.org/papyri-p1-through-p76-ad-200-ad-700
Gospel Manuscripts
http://www.textexcavation.com/gospelmanuscripts.html
http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/21/living/gospel-mummy-mask/
Vetus Latina
http://www.vetus-latina.de/en/index.html
Latin Manuscripts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_Latin_manuscripts
Vetus Latina Iohannes
http://www.iohannes.com/vetuslatina/
University of Birmingham
http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/activity/itsee/projects/index.aspx
Hebrew Bible manuscripts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hebrew_Bible_manuscripts
Biblical Manuscripts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_manuscript
Septuagint Manuscripts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint_manuscripts
Aleppo Codex
http://www.aleppocodex.org
Aleppo Codex
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_Codex
Aleppo Codex
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/hebrew-bible/the-aleppo-codex/
Aleppo Codex
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/magazine/the-aleppo-codex-mystery.html?_r=0
Leningrad / Aleppo
http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=34&Issue=5&ArticleID=10
Earliest Versions and Translations of the Bible
http://www.bibleodyssey.org/tools/bible-basics/what-are-the-earliest-versions-and-translations-of-the-bible.aspx
Aleppo Codex
http://www.christianpost.com/news/hebrew-bible-aleppo-codex-oldest-surviving-copy-unesco-world-treasure-157420/
Old Testament Manuscripts
http://www.truthnet.org/Bible-Origins/10_Old-Testament-Tanakh-Manuscripts/
Early manuscripts of the Bible
http://www.provethebible.net/T2-Integ/B-0801.htm
Online Biblical Manuscripts
http://oldtestamenttextualcriticism.blogspot.com/2011/04/online-hebrew-manuscripts-and-editions.html
List of New Testament lectionaries
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_lectionaries
New Testament Lectionaries
http://www.lstc.edu/gruber/nt_manuscripts/lectionaries.php
New Testament Manuscripts
http://www.csntm.org/manuscript
Greek Gospel lectionary
http://www.cspmt.org/?q=node/19
Greek Lectionaries
http://evangelicaltextualcriticism.blogspot.com/2015/03/greek-lectionaries-introduction.html
Greek Orthodox Lectionary
http://ocabs.org/journal/index.php/jocabs/article/viewFile/65/35
Greek New Testament lectionaries
http://www.lectionary.eu/content/lists-ancient-lectionary-manuscripts
British Library
http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Add_MS_39603
Manuscripts in the Byzantine Collection
http://www.doaks.org/resources/manuscripts
Gospel lectionary
http://www.thedigitalwalters.org/Data/WaltersManuscripts/html/W535/description.html
Digitized Greek Manuscripts
http://library.princeton.edu/byzantine/subject-theme/gospel-lectionary
Digital Dead Sea Scrolls
http://dss.collections.imj.org.il
New Testament Manuscripts
http://irr.org/todays-bible-real-bible
Codex Sinaiticus
http://www.codexsinaiticus.org/en/
Leningrad Codex
https://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/educational_site/biblical_manuscripts/LeningradCodex.shtml
Latin Manuscripts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_Latin_manuscripts
Biblical Manuscripts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_manuscript
Codex Bobbiensis
http://www.bible-researcher.com/bobiensis.html
Codex Vercellensis ( 4th Century )
http://evangelicaltextualcriticism.blogspot.com/2015/03/seeing-codex-vercellensis-in-new-light.html
Codex Vercellensis ( 4th Century )
https://archive.org/details/codexvercellensi01gasq
Codex Vercellensis Fourth Century
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Vercellensis
Vercelli Codex Evangeliorum Vercellensis
http://news.olemiss.edu/um-students-help-restore-old-latin-gospels/
Vercelli Codex Evangeliorum Vercellensis -
Fourth century text of the first four books of the New Testament in Latin.
It’s believed to be the oldest surviving copy of the old Latin Gospels, which is a name given to Bible texts that were translated before Jerome’s Vulgate Bible was the standard for Latin-speaking Western Christians.
University of Chicago
New Testament. Syriac. Peshitta.
6th or 7th century
http://goodspeed.lib.uchicago.edu/ms/index.php?doc=0716
Papyrological Resources
http://www.bricecjones.com/papyrological-resources.html
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Ante-Nicene
Before the Council of Nicaea ( 325 AD )
Ante-Nicene Fathers
http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1968
Early Church Fathers
http://www.ccel.org/fathers.html
Early Church Fathers
http://www.tertullian.org/fathers2/
The Ante-Nicene Fathers Ten Volume Set
http://www.amazon.com/Ante-Nicene-Fathers-10-Set/dp/1565630823
Ante-Nicene Youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJA-wIRctmE
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CYRUS
British Museum
http://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/news_and_press/statements/cyrus_cylinder.aspx
UNESCO
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1106
_____________________British Museum
http://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/news_and_press/statements/cyrus_cylinder.aspx
UNESCO
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1106
King Hezekiah's Seal Impression Found in the Ophel Excavations, Jerusalem
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SW8HM9RQYlI
_____________________
Codex Vercellensis
The Earliest Surviving Manuscript of the Old Latin Gospels
Circa 350 AD
http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1806
http://commons.ptsem.edu/id/codexvercellensi01gasq
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_Latin_manuscripts
_____________________
Balaam Inscription
http://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-balaam-son-of-beor-inscription-tell-deir-alla-succoth-1400-750bc.htm
Balaam Inscription
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/archaeologyandthebible-140118195415-phpapp01/95/does-archaeology-disprove-the-bible-73-638.jpg?cb=1390075884
_____________________
Jacob’s Well
Greek Orthodox Church of St. Photini the Samaritan
http://www.seetheholyland.net/jacobs-well/
http://internationalchristianblog.com/jacobs-well-church-st-photini-samaritan/
http://myocn.net/waiting-for-water/
https://www.archangelsbooks.com/proddetail.asp?prod=HTM-A146
http://orthodoxwiki.org/Photine_of_Samaria
http://www.orthodoxchristian.info/pages/photini.htm
http://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints_view?contentid=538
http://oca.org/saints/lives/2016/03/20/100846-martyr-photina-svetlana-the-samaritan-woman-and-her-sons
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2010/06/25/Shechem-Its-Archaeological-and-Contextual-Significance.aspx
JOHN 4
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+4&version=KJV;NKJV
GENESIS 29
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+29&version=KJV;NKJV
GENESIS 33
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+33&version=KJV;NKJV
MARK 16
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+16&version=KJV;NKJV
GENESIS 29
1 So Jacob went on his journey and came to the land of the people of the East.
2 And he looked, and saw a well in the field; and behold, there were three flocks of sheep lying by it; for out of that well they watered the flocks. A large stone was on the well's mouth.
10 And it came to pass, when Jacob saw Rachel the daughter of Laban his mother's brother, and the sheep of Laban his mother's brother, that Jacob went near and rolled the stone from the well's mouth, and watered the flock of Laban his mother's brother.
JOHN 4
5 So He came to a city of Samaria which is called Sychar, near the plot of ground that Jacob gave to his son Joseph.
6 Now Jacob's well was there. Jesus therefore, being wearied from His journey, sat thus by the well. It was about the sixth hour.
7 A woman of Samaria came to draw water. Jesus said to her, "Give Me a drink."
8 For His disciples had gone away into the city to buy food.
9 Then the woman of Samaria said to Him, "How is it that You, being a Jew, ask a drink from me, a Samaritan woman?" For Jews have no dealings with Samaritans.
10 Jesus answered and said to her, "If you knew the gift of God, and who it is who says to you, 'Give Me a drink,' you would have asked Him, and He would have given you living water."
11 The woman said to Him, "Sir, You have nothing to draw with, and the well is deep. Where then do You get that living water?
12 Are You greater than our father Jacob, who gave us the well, and drank from it himself, as well as his sons and his livestock?"
13 Jesus answered and said to her, "Whoever drinks of this water will thirst again,
14 but whoever drinks of the water that I shall give him will never thirst. But the water that I shall give him will become in him a fountain of water springing up into everlasting life."
MARK 16
1 Now when the Sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome bought spices, that they might come and anoint Him.
2 Very early in the morning, on the first day of the week, they came to the tomb when the sun had risen.
3 And they said among themselves, "Who will roll away the stone from the door of the tomb for us?"
4 But when they looked up, they saw that the stone had been rolled away--for it was very large.
5 And entering the tomb, they saw a young man clothed in a long white robe sitting on the right side; and they were alarmed.
6 But he said to them, "Do not be alarmed. You seek Jesus of Nazareth, who was crucified. He is risen! He is not here. See the place where they laid Him.
_____________________
Exodus
https://youtu.be/2assFIyLInE
Endorsement
https://youtu.be/X8VNVKX4QuU
Patterns of Evidence
http://patternsofevidence.com
_____________________
Joseph - Egypt
BBC (2003) Discovery Channel
Avery Brooks, Irene Forstner-Müller, David Rohl
Ancient Evidence Collection
https://youtu.be/lm9ATLhkujY
David Rohl: Israelites in Goshen
https://youtu.be/xhHV2scE0-k
_____________________
Dr. Bryant Wood PhD
Secrets of the Bible : The Fall of Jericho
https://youtu.be/e5Fjth9T12U
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2xv60r
Dr. Bryant Wood PhD
https://youtu.be/nJNjhnTe4B0
_____________________
Dr. James Hoffmeier PhD
Lanier Library Lecture
Exodus In Light Of Archaeological And Geological Work
https://youtu.be/GBWWO8dCeY0
Exodus from Egypt Lecture
https://youtu.be/m2vhrK6Wczs
_____________________
Exodus
Pharaohs
Tuthmosis III
Amenhotep II
Tuthmosis IV
Dr. Steven Collins PhD
https://youtu.be/uur0AqUvpxE
Tuthmosis IV
https://www.calvaryabq.org/teachings_view.asp?ServiceID=923&q=high
Dr. Collins demonstrates why he believes Tuthmosis IV was the Pharaoh at the time of Israel's deliverance from bondage in Egypt.
https://www.calvaryabq.org/teachings_view.asp?ServiceID=923&AcceptsCookies=yes
Biblical Research Bulletin
http://www.biblicalresearchbulletin.com/uploads/BRB-2005-8-Collins-Pharaoh_of_Exodus.pdf
Biblical Research Bulletin
http://www.biblicalresearchbulletin.com/uploads/BRB-2005-3-Collins-How_Low_18th_Dynasty.pdf
Bible Archaeology
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2009/02/Moses-and-Hatshepsut.aspx
_____________________
Dr. Steven Collins PhD
Sodom and Gomorah
Tall el-Hamaam, Jordan
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3270999/Has-Biblical-city-Sodom-Monstrous-site-Jordan-matches-descriptions-area-destroyed-God.html
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/did-archaeologists-discover-the-biblical-city-of-sodom_us_561d3810e4b028dd7ea544c5
http://www.tallelhammam.com
https://youtu.be/R4Ui_MbDzMQ
https://youtu.be/svG2-uZEZjk
_____________________
Dr. Bryant Wood PhD
Digging up Sodom and Gomorrah
https://youtu.be/FyEgerQDSTc
Discovery of Sodom and Gomorrah
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2008/04/16/The-Discovery-of-the-Sin-Cities-of-Sodom-and-Gomorrah.aspx
Locating Sodom
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2016/02/26/Locating-Sodom-A-Critique-of-the-Northern-Proposal.aspx
_____________________
Biblical Artifacts
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-artifacts/artifacts-and-the-bible/10-great-biblical-artifacts-at-the-bible-lands-museum-jerusalem/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artifacts_in_biblical_archaeology
http://bibleandarchaeology.blogspot.com
_____________________
Tel Dan stela
First Historical Evidence of King David
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-artifacts/artifacts-and-the-bible/the-tel-dan-inscription-the-first-historical-evidence-of-the-king-david-bible-story/
_____________________
Joshua's Altar at Mt. Ebal
Dr. Adam Zertal PhD
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/shifting-ground-in-the-holy-land-114897288/?no-ist
http://ebal.haifa.ac.il/ebal06.html
http://archlgy.haifa.ac.il/staff/zertal.htm
http://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-altar-of-joshua.htm
https://youtu.be/6l6Bgdh2vMo
http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/194382/adam-zertal-israeli-archaeologist-who-identified-joshuas-altar-at-mt-ebal-dies-at-79
_____________________
Silver Amulets
6th century BC
Numbers 6:24–26
http://www.imj.org.il/imagine/collections/item.asp?itemNum=198069
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2010/01/06/The-Blessing-of-the-Silver-Scrolls.aspx
_____________________
Amarna Letters
El-Amarna Tablets
https://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/educational_site/ancient_texts/elamarna.shtml
British Museum
https://archive.org/details/selectionsfromte00handuoft
BBC Amarna Letters
https://youtu.be/1UA_J3OIhYc?t=1m2s
Hebrew = Habiru
https://youtu.be/r7aB0kSiTyk?t=1m12s
Israelites in Egyptian Inscriptions
https://youtu.be/m_IijQ1fAp8
Amarna Letters
https://youtu.be/cjASnI71Z7E
Amarna Tablets - Hebrew Conquest of Palestine
http://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-maps-conquest-amarna-tablets-letters-akhenaten-habiru-abiru-hebrews-1404-1340bc.htm
The Conquest of Canaan
https://www.apologeticspress.org/apcontent.aspx?category=13&article=593
Habiru = Hebrews
https://archive.org/stream/selectionsfromte00handuoft/selectionsfromte00handuoft_djvu.txt
Amarna Letters
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Amarna_letters
_____________________
Biblical Archaeology Exodus
http://www.bibleandscience.com/archaeology/exodus.htm
Archaeology and the Old Testament
http://apologeticspress.org/apcontent.aspx?category=13&article=1347
Archaeology and the Old Testament Dr. Patrick Zukeran
https://bible.org/article/archaeology-and-old-testament
Old Testament Archaeological Corroboration
http://coldcasechristianity.com/2013/a-brief-sample-of-old-testament-archaeological-corroboration/
Biblical Archaeology Dr. Paul Maier PhD
http://www.equip.org/article/biblical-archaeology-factual-evidence-to-support-the-historicity-of-the-bible/
Nebo-Sarsekim
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2008/04/Nebo-Sarsekim-Found-in-Babylonian-Tablet.aspx
Archaeology Supporting the Bible
https://answersingenesis.org/archaeology/does-archaeology-support-the-bible/
Archaeological Discoveries
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/28162671/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/jewish-archaeological-discoveries/#.VxxeINrVnx4
Mt. Sinai
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/exodus/searching-for-biblical-mt-sinai/
Hebrew Inscription
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2013/07/25/New-Find-Jerusalems-Oldest-Hebrew-Inscription.aspx
Archeology of the Hebrew Bible
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/archeology-hebrew-bible.html
https://archive.org/details/selectionsfromte00handuoft
BBC Amarna Letters
https://youtu.be/1UA_J3OIhYc?t=1m2s
Hebrew = Habiru
https://youtu.be/r7aB0kSiTyk?t=1m12s
Israelites in Egyptian Inscriptions
https://youtu.be/m_IijQ1fAp8
Amarna Letters
https://youtu.be/cjASnI71Z7E
Amarna Tablets - Hebrew Conquest of Palestine
http://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-maps-conquest-amarna-tablets-letters-akhenaten-habiru-abiru-hebrews-1404-1340bc.htm
The Conquest of Canaan
https://www.apologeticspress.org/apcontent.aspx?category=13&article=593
Habiru = Hebrews
https://archive.org/stream/selectionsfromte00handuoft/selectionsfromte00handuoft_djvu.txt
Amarna Letters
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Amarna_letters
_____________________
Biblical Archaeology Exodus
http://www.bibleandscience.com/archaeology/exodus.htm
Archaeology and the Old Testament
http://apologeticspress.org/apcontent.aspx?category=13&article=1347
Archaeology and the Old Testament Dr. Patrick Zukeran
https://bible.org/article/archaeology-and-old-testament
Old Testament Archaeological Corroboration
http://coldcasechristianity.com/2013/a-brief-sample-of-old-testament-archaeological-corroboration/
Biblical Archaeology Dr. Paul Maier PhD
http://www.equip.org/article/biblical-archaeology-factual-evidence-to-support-the-historicity-of-the-bible/
Nebo-Sarsekim
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2008/04/Nebo-Sarsekim-Found-in-Babylonian-Tablet.aspx
Archaeology Supporting the Bible
https://answersingenesis.org/archaeology/does-archaeology-support-the-bible/
Archaeological Discoveries
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/28162671/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/jewish-archaeological-discoveries/#.VxxeINrVnx4
Mt. Sinai
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/exodus/searching-for-biblical-mt-sinai/
Hebrew Inscription
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2013/07/25/New-Find-Jerusalems-Oldest-Hebrew-Inscription.aspx
Archeology of the Hebrew Bible
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/archeology-hebrew-bible.html
_____________________
Jericho - Dr. Bryant Wood
Dr. Bryant Wood - Jericho Lecture
_____________________
Magdala synagogue Galilee
http://www.magdala.org/visit/archeological-park/synagogue/
http://www.magdala.org/visit/archeological-park/the-magdala-stone/
_____________________
Magdalen Papyrus
The Magdalen Papyrus P64:
possibly the earliest known fragments of the New Testament
http://www.magd.ox.ac.uk/libraries-and-archives/treasure-of-the-month/news/magdalen-papyrus/
New Testament Manuscripts from the First Century
http://ancientroadpublications.com/Studies/BiblicalStudies/FirstCenturyMSS.html
The Jesus Papyrus
http://www.amazon.com/The-Jesus-Papyrus-Sensational-Evidence/dp/038548898X
_____________________
Dr. Gary Habermas PhD
Evidence for the Historical Jesus
http://www.garyhabermas.com/Evidence/index.htm
PDF Evidence for the Historical Jesus
http://www.garyhabermas.com/books/EvidenceBook/GaryHabermas_Evidence-for-the-historical-Jesus-Release_1point1.pdf
_____________________
King David
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/jerusalem/did-i-find-king-davids-palace/
http://www.keytodavidscity.com
http://archaeology.huji.ac.il/depart/biblical/eilatm/eilatm.asp
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/palace-king-david.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/biblical-archeology.html
Eilat Mazar
https://youtu.be/iGJXnQxHLJE
_____________________
EVIDENCE
Archaeology
Ancient Churches
Art
Relics
Bible Manuscripts
History
Ante-Nicene Early Church Fathers
Christian Martyrs & Persecution
Church Tradition
_____________________
Bread Basket
bb316.blogspot.com
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